CONSERVATION
In
the life sciences, action taken to protect and preserve the natural world,
usually from
pollution,overexploitation, and other harmful features of human activity. The late1980s
saw a great increase in public concern for the environment, with membership of
conservation groups,such as Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and the US Sierra
Club,rising sharply. Globally the most important issues include the depletion
of atmospheric ozone by the action of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the build-up
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (thought to contribute to an intensification
of the greenhouse effect), and deforestation.Conservation groups in Britain
originated in the 1860s; they include the Commons Preservation Society 1865,
which fought successfully against the enclosure of Hampstead Heath (1865) and
Epping Forest(1866) in London; the National Footpaths Preservation Society 1844
; and the National Trust 1895. In the UK the conservation debate has centred on
water quality, road-building schemes, the safety of nuclear power, and the ethical
treatment of animals.
Twelve
coastal sites in Great Britain,including five Special Areas of Conservation,
have been designated by the European Commission to be part of a network of
Natura 2000 sites. The EC will provide funds to help preserve these sites from
development,overfishing, and pollution, and to monitor rare plants.They include
the North Northumber land Coast, with its sea caves, its breeding population of
grey seals in the Farne Islands,and Arctic species such as the wolf fish; the
Wash and North Norfolk Coast, with its population of common seals,waders, and
wildfowl, and its extensive salt marshes; and Plymouth Sound and estuaries,
with their submerged sandbanks.
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